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# Gathering Statistics on the network traffic
[WinPcap tutorial: a step by step guide to program WinPcap]

This lesson shows another advanced feature of WinPcap: the ability to collect statistics about network traffic. The statistical engine makes use of the kernel-level packet filter to efficiently classify the incoming packet. You can give a look at the NPF driver internals manual if you want to know more details.

In order to use this feature to monitor the network, the programmer must open an adapter and put it in statistical mode. This can be done with pcap_setmode(). In particular, MODE_STAT must be used as the mode argument of this function.

With statistical mode, making an application that monitors the TCP traffic load is a matter of few lines of code. The following sample shows how to do it.

    /*
     * Copyright (c) 1999 - 2003
     * NetGroup, Politecnico di Torino (Italy)
     * All rights reserved.
     *
     * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
     * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
     * are met:
     *
     * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
     * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
     * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
     * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
     * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
     * 3. Neither the name of the Politecnico di Torino nor the names of its
     * contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
     * this software without specific prior written permission.
     *
     * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
     * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
     * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
     * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
     * OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
     * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
     * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
     * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
     * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
     * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
     * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
     *
     */

    #include <stdlib.h>
    #include <stdio.h>

    #include <pcap.h>

    void usage();

    void dispatcher_handler(u_char *, const struct pcap_pkthdr *, const u_char *);

    void main(int argc, char **argv)
    {
    pcap_t *fp;
    char errbuf[PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE];
    struct timeval st_ts;
    u_int netmask;
    struct bpf_program fcode;

        /* Check the validity of the command line */
        if (argc != 2)
        {
            usage();
            return;
        }

        /* Open the output adapter */
        if ( (fp= pcap_open(argv[1], 100, PCAP_OPENFLAG_PROMISCUOUS, 1000, NULL, errbuf) ) == NULL)
        {
            fprintf(stderr,"\nUnable to open adapter %s.\n", errbuf);
            return;
        }

        /* Don't care about netmask, it won't be used for this filter */
        netmask=0xffffff;

        //compile the filter
        if (pcap_compile(fp, &fcode, "tcp", 1, netmask) <0 )
        {
            fprintf(stderr,"\nUnable to compile the packet filter. Check the syntax.\n");
            /* Free the device list */
            return;
        }

        //set the filter
        if (pcap_setfilter(fp, &fcode)<0)
        {
            fprintf(stderr,"\nError setting the filter.\n");
            /* Free the device list */
            return;
        }

        /* Put the interface in statstics mode */
        pcap_setmode(fp, MODE_STAT);

        printf("TCP traffic summary:\n");

        /* Start the main loop */
        pcap_loop(fp, 0, dispatcher_handler, (PUCHAR)&st_ts);

        return;
    }

    void dispatcher_handler(u_char *state, const struct pcap_pkthdr *header, const u_char *pkt_data)
    {
        struct timeval *old_ts = (struct timeval *)state;
        u_int delay;
        LARGE_INTEGER Bps,Pps;
        struct tm *ltime;
        char timestr[16];

        /* Calculate the delay in microseconds from the last sample. */
        /* This value is obtained from the timestamp that the associated with the sample. */
        delay=(header->ts.tv_sec - old_ts->tv_sec) * 1000000 - old_ts->tv_usec + header->ts.tv_usec;
        /* Get the number of Bits per second */
        Bps.QuadPart=(((*(LONGLONG*)(pkt_data + 8)) * 8 * 1000000) / (delay));
        /*                                            ^      ^
                                                      |      |
                                                      |      |
                                                      |      |
                             converts bytes in bits --       |
                                                             |
                        delay is expressed in microseconds --
        */

        /* Get the number of Packets per second */
        Pps.QuadPart=(((*(LONGLONG*)(pkt_data)) * 1000000) / (delay));

        /* Convert the timestamp to readable format */
        ltime=localtime(&header->ts.tv_sec);
        strftime( timestr, sizeof timestr, "%H:%M:%S", ltime);

        /* Print timestamp*/
        printf("%s ", timestr);

        /* Print the samples */
        printf("BPS=%I64u ", Bps.QuadPart);
        printf("PPS=%I64u\n", Pps.QuadPart);

        //store current timestamp
        old_ts->tv_sec=header->ts.tv_sec;
        old_ts->tv_usec=header->ts.tv_usec;
    }

    void usage()
    {

        printf("\nShows the TCP traffic load, in bits per second and packets per second.\nCopyright (C) 2002 Loris Degioanni.\n");
        printf("\nUsage:\n");
        printf("\t tcptop adapter\n");
        printf("\t You can use \"WinDump -D\" if you don't know the name of your adapters.\n");

        exit(0);
    }

    00001 /*
    00002  * Copyright (c) 1999 - 2003
    00003  * NetGroup, Politecnico di Torino (Italy)
    00004  * All rights reserved.
    00005  *
    00006  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
    00007  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
    00008  * are met:
    00009  *
    00010  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
    00011  * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
    00012  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
    00013  * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
    00014  * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
    00015  * 3. Neither the name of the Politecnico di Torino nor the names of its
    00016  * contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
    00017  * this software without specific prior written permission.
    00018  *
    00019  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
    00020  * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
    00021  * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
    00022  * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
    00023  * OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
    00024  * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
    00025  * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
    00026  * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
    00027  * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
    00028  * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
    00029  * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
    00030  *
    00031  */
    00032
    00033 #include <stdlib.h>
    00034 #include <stdio.h>
    00035
    00036 #include <pcap.h>
    00037
    00038 void usage();
    00039
    00040 void dispatcher_handler(u_char *, const struct pcap_pkthdr *, const u_char *);
    00041
    00042
    00043 void main(int argc, char **argv)
    00044 {
    00045 pcap_t *fp;
    00046 char errbuf[PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE];
    00047 struct timeval st_ts;
    00048 u_int netmask;
    00049 struct bpf_program fcode;
    00050
    00051     /* Check the validity of the command line */
    00052     if (argc != 2)
    00053     {
    00054         usage();
    00055         return;
    00056     }
    00057
    00058     /* Open the output adapter */
    00059     if ( (fp= pcap_open(argv[1], 100, PCAP_OPENFLAG_PROMISCUOUS, 1000, NULL, errbuf) ) == NULL)
    00060     {
    00061         fprintf(stderr,"\nUnable to open adapter %s.\n", errbuf);
    00062         return;
    00063     }
    00064
    00065     /* Don't care about netmask, it won't be used for this filter */
    00066     netmask=0xffffff;
    00067
    00068     //compile the filter
    00069     if (pcap_compile(fp, &fcode, "tcp", 1, netmask) <0 )
    00070     {
    00071         fprintf(stderr,"\nUnable to compile the packet filter. Check the syntax.\n");
    00072         /* Free the device list */
    00073         return;
    00074     }
    00075
    00076     //set the filter
    00077     if (pcap_setfilter(fp, &fcode)<0)
    00078     {
    00079         fprintf(stderr,"\nError setting the filter.\n");
    00080         /* Free the device list */
    00081         return;
    00082     }
    00083
    00084     /* Put the interface in statstics mode */
    00085     pcap_setmode(fp, MODE_STAT);
    00086
    00087     printf("TCP traffic summary:\n");
    00088
    00089     /* Start the main loop */
    00090     pcap_loop(fp, 0, dispatcher_handler, (PUCHAR)&st_ts);
    00091
    00092     return;
    00093 }
    00094
    00095 void dispatcher_handler(u_char *state, const struct pcap_pkthdr *header, const u_char *pkt_data)
    00096 {
    00097     struct timeval *old_ts = (struct timeval *)state;
    00098     u_int delay;
    00099     LARGE_INTEGER Bps,Pps;
    00100     struct tm *ltime;
    00101     char timestr[16];
    00102
    00103     /* Calculate the delay in microseconds from the last sample. */
    00104     /* This value is obtained from the timestamp that the associated with the sample. */
    00105     delay=(header->ts.tv_sec - old_ts->tv_sec) * 1000000 - old_ts->tv_usec + header->ts.tv_usec;
    00106     /* Get the number of Bits per second */
    00107     Bps.QuadPart=(((*(LONGLONG*)(pkt_data + 8)) * 8 * 1000000) / (delay));
    00108     /*                                            ^      ^
    00109                                                   |      |
    00110                                                   |      |
    00111                                                   |      |
    00112                          converts bytes in bits --       |
    00113                                                          |
    00114                     delay is expressed in microseconds --
    00115     */
    00116
    00117     /* Get the number of Packets per second */
    00118     Pps.QuadPart=(((*(LONGLONG*)(pkt_data)) * 1000000) / (delay));
    00119
    00120     /* Convert the timestamp to readable format */
    00121     ltime=localtime(&header->ts.tv_sec);
    00122     strftime( timestr, sizeof timestr, "%H:%M:%S", ltime);
    00123
    00124     /* Print timestamp*/
    00125     printf("%s ", timestr);
    00126
    00127     /* Print the samples */
    00128     printf("BPS=%I64u ", Bps.QuadPart);
    00129     printf("PPS=%I64u\n", Pps.QuadPart);
    00130
    00131     //store current timestamp
    00132     old_ts->tv_sec=header->ts.tv_sec;
    00133     old_ts->tv_usec=header->ts.tv_usec;
    00134 }
    00135
    00136
    00137 void usage()
    00138 {
    00139
    00140     printf("\nShows the TCP traffic load, in bits per second and packets per second.\nCopyright (C) 2002 Loris Degioanni.\n");
    00141     printf("\nUsage:\n");
    00142     printf("\t tcptop adapter\n");
    00143     printf("\t You can use \"WinDump -D\" if you don't know the name of your adapters.\n");
    00144
    00145     exit(0);
    00146 }

Before enabling statistical mode, the user has the possibility to set a filter, that defines the subset of network traffic that will be monitored. See the paragraph on the Filtering expression syntax for details. If no filter has been set, the whole traffic will be monitored. Once

- the filter is set
- pcap_setmode() is called
- callback invocation is enabled with pcap_loop()

the interface descriptor starts to work in statistical mode. Notice the fourth parameter (to_ms) of pcap_open(): it defines the interval among the statistical samples. The callback receives, every to_ms milliseconds, the samples calculated by the driver. These samples are encapsulated in the second and third parameter of the callback, like shown in the following figure:

Two 64-bit counters are provided: the number of packets and the amount of bytes received during the last interval.

In the example, the adapter is opened with a timeout of 1000 ms. This means that dispatcher_handler() is called once per second. At this point a filter that keeps only tcp packets is compiled and set. Then pcap_setmode() and pcap_loop() are called. Note that a struct timeval pointer is passed to pcap_loop() as the user parameter. This structure will be used to store a timestamp in order to calculate the interval between two samples. dispatcher_handler()uses this interval to obtain the bits per second and the packets per second and then prints these values on the screen.

Note finally that this example is by far more efficient than a program that captures the packets in the traditional way and calculates statistics at user-level: statistical mode requires the minumum amount of data copies and context switches, therefore the CPU is optimized. Moreover, a very small quantity of memory is required.

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documentation. Copyright (c) 2002-2003 Politecnico di Torino. All rights reserved.