SACM Working Group H. Birkholz Internet-Draft Fraunhofer SIT Intended status: Standards Track N. Cam-Winget Expires: October 10, 2016 Cisco Systems April 8, 2016 SACM Information Model draft-camwinget-sacm-information-model-00 Abstract ***replaces abstract in WG IM*** This document defines the information model for Security Automation and Continuous Monitoring (SACM). This includes the definition of information elements transported between SACM components (data in motion) and how to express their relationships. This information model is maintained as the IANA "SACM Information Elements" registry. The information model captures the information needs described in the use cases defined by SACM. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on October 10, 2016. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 1] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Requirements notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Information Elements (IE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3.1. Context of Information Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.2. Extensibility of Information Elements . . . . . . . . . . 4 4. Structure of Information Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4.1. Atomic Information Elements (AIE) . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4.2. Composite Information Elements (CIE) . . . . . . . . . . 5 4.3. SACM Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4.4. SACM Content Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4.5. Relationship Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4.6. Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5. Information Element Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5.1. Vocabulary of Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5.2. Vocabulary of Atomic Information Elements . . . . . . . . 8 5.3. Vocabulary of Composite Information Elements . . . . . . 21 6. Example composition of SACM statements . . . . . . . . . . . 30 7. IANA considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 9. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 10. Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 11. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 12.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 12.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 1. Introduction ***replaces Introduction in the WG IM*** The purpose of the SACM Information Model (IM) is to ensure interoperability between SACM data models that are used as transport encoding and to provide a base set of information elements that may be exposed or shared between SACM components in a scalable and extensible fashion. A complete set of requirements imposed on the IM can be found in [I-D.ietf-sacm-requirements]. The SACM IM defines information elements that are required to carry out the tasks conducted by SACM components. The SACM IM itself is intended to be used for data exchange between SACM components (data in motion). Nevertheless, the information elements defined in this document can be leveraged to create and align corresponding data models for data at rest. Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 2] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 The information model expresses, for example, target endpoint (TE) attributes, guidance or evaluation results. The corresponding information elements (IE) are consumed and produced by SACM components as they carry out tasks. The primary tasks that this information model supports (on data, control and management plane) are: o TE Discovery o TE Characterization o TE Classification o Collection o Evaluation o Information Sharing o SACM Component Discovery o SACM component Authentication o SACM component Authorization o SACM component Registration 2. Requirements notation The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119, BCP 14 [RFC2119]. 3. Information Elements (IE) **to be inserted between section 2 and section 3** Every type or group of information, e.g. the information elements, defined in this document represent subjects transported (data in motion) between SACM components and are associated with a unique label in the information model: their name. This document defines a set of information elements standardized by SACM. Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 3] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 3.1. Context of Information Elements The IE in this information model represent information related to the following areas (based on the use cases described in [RFC7632]): o Endpoint Management o Software Inventory Management o Hardware Inventory Management o Configuration Management o Vulnerability Management 3.2. Extensibility of Information Elements A SACM data model based on this information model MAY include additional information elements that are not defined here. The labels of additional information elements included in different SACM data models MUST NOT conflict with the labels of the information elements defined by this information model, and the names of additional information elements MUST NOT conflict with each other or across multiple data models. In order to avoid naming conflicts, the labels of additional IEs SHOULD be prefixed to avoid collision across extensions. The prefix MUST include an organizational identifier and therefore, for example, MAY be an IANA enterprise number, a (partial) name space URI or an organization name abbreviation. 4. Structure of Information Elements **replaces beginning text of Information Model Framework and 3.1-3.4, will move syntax 3.1.1 and 3.2.1 to aggregated sub-section, will also privacy sub-section 3.5 and label sub-section 3.6** The IEs defined in this document are differentiated into two basic types of Information Elements: o Attributes: an attribute is the simplest IE structure comprised of a unique attribute name and an attribute value (attributes are listed in Section 5.2). o Subjects: a subject is a richer structure that has a unique subject name and one or more attributes or subjects (subjects are listed in Section 5.3). In essence, the instance of a subject is defined by the attribute values associated with it. Metadata is constructed as a subject and is associated with attributes or subjects to provide additional information about them. Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 4] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 The IM explicitly defines two specific kinds of metadata: metadata about the data origin and metadata about the data source. Metadata can include relationships that refer to other attributes or subjects by referencing labels included in their corresponding metadata. 4.1. Atomic Information Elements (AIE) **to be salvaged an then removed** Atomic IEs represent the smallest building blocks for SACM content, including, for example, a SACM endpoint attribute, a policy entry, a configuration item, an expected states, or a threshold value. AIE can be bundled into composite IE. The set of AIEs defined by the SACM IM is described in section Section 5.2. In essence, AIEs are attribute value pairs that constitute the "leaves" in a SACM semantic structure. While the SACM IM sometimes does elaborate on the structure of values (e.g. an IPv6 address is an octet string with a maximum length of 16 that my be collapsed in certain conditions), it does not prescribe specific types used in the data model representation (e.g. an unbounded character string). Every AIE is registered as an corresponding entry at the IANA registry. The Integer Index of the IANA SMI number tables can be used by SACM data models. 4.2. Composite Information Elements (CIE) **to be salvaged an then removed** Composite IEs constitute bundles of atomic AIEs and/or composite IEs. A CIE represents a specific set of related information that share a semantic relationship, e.g. a SACM statement metadata or state information about a network interface. The set of CIEs defined by the SACM IM is described in section Section 5.3. In essence, CIEs are a "named container" construct that can be used to compose additional CIEs that go beyond the ones standardized by the SACM information model. The SACM IM allows for recursive or circular nesting of composite IEs. A SACM data Model (DM) MUST include the "default-depth" base AIE that is part of the SACM content metadata. 4.3. SACM Statements **to be salvaged an then removed** The data exchanged between SACM components is always embedded in a SACM statement. SACM Statements contain one or more CIEs and/or AIEs. A SACM statement functions as an "envelope" type that is associated with metadata about the providing SACM component. The SACM statement metadata can be used to Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 5] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 resolve conflicting information, retrace the provenance of information or to locate archived information in data repositories. Examples of SACM statement metadata information elements: o SACM Domain Identifier: a globally unique identifier that enables the differentiation of SACM statements across SACM domains. o Data Origin: the SACM domain unique identifier associated with a SACM component. o Statement Identifier: an identifier that enables to uniquely reference this specific statement. SACM statements are comprised of one or more CIEs; Section 6 provides examples for constructing SACM statements. 4.4. SACM Content Elements **to be salvaged an then removed** SACM Content Elements are categorized CIEs. The content elements can be composed of one or more AIEs and/or CIEs or it can be another representation that is embedded in the statement, for example, an IPFIX Template Record. Each SACM content element has its own Content Metadata associated with it (analogously to the way that each SACM statement has metadata associated to it). Content element metadata include information about its type, data source (the result produced by a collector) or data origin (the result produced by most other SACM components). Examples of SACM content element metadata information elements: o Target Endpoint Label: an identifier that enables to distinctly identify a target endpoint as a SACM content element. o Relationship Identifier(s): a set of semantic relationships that associate this SACM content element with other SACM content elements via their content element identifier. o Content Element Identifier: an identifier that enables to uniquely reference this specific content element. SACM content elements are described in section FIXME. 4.5. Relationship Types **to be salvaged an then removed** Relationships are expressed via AIE contained within a CIE. There are two ways SACM content elements are associated with each other. "A Flow" associated with "A User", Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 6] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 for example, would be a typical case, in which two separate SACM content elements could be associated with each other. One way is to include the Relationships AIE in the content element metadata that preludes the actual content (in this example, the content element metadata of the flow record). Relationship Types are uni-directional. For example, the "is-associated-with-user" Relationship AIE included in the content element metadata points to a specific user via a corresponding content element identifier. The alternative way is to include the reference of associated information directly into the content of the content element. A session CIE, for instance, could refer to a specific user by including identifying attributes about that user. While this is a valid way of creating a relationship between different kinds of content, it requires careful matching or the introduction of another appropriate identifier mechanism (that does not conflict with other SACM statements and SACM content element identifiers). If a SACM data model allows for transport of other representations as payload of a content element (e.g. a pcap fragment containing suspicious packets, for example), there might be no alternative as to use the content element metadata to include relationships to other content elements. 4.6. Events **to be salvaged an then removed** Events are a specific type of CIE that are always associated with a time stamp and represent a change of state or configuration that can be expressed as a SACM content. The time an event was published by a SACM component is recorded in its corresponding SACM statement metadata, the time it was created (or initially observed) is recorded in its content element metadata. It is also recorded in the CIE itself, which is somewhat redundant but can improve performance in some scenarios. Event CIE can also include the past state or configuration before the change occurred, or - if applicable - a threshold or trigger condition that lead to the creation of the event. 5. Information Element Vocabulary **to be inserted in section 5 as candidates** The vocabulary of Information Element names standardized by the SACM IM does not prescribe the use of these exact same names in every SACM data model. If terms diverge, a mapping has to be provided in the corresponding SACM data model document. A subset of the names of the information elements defined in this document are appended with "-type". This indicates that the IM Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 7] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 defines a set of values for these information elements (e.g. the interface types defined by the IANA registry or the relationship types). 5.1. Vocabulary of Categories Categories are special Information Elements that enable to refer to multiple types of IEs via just one name. Therefore, they are similar to a type-choice. A prominent example of a category is network- address. Network-address is a category that every kind of network address is associated with, e.g. mac-address, ipv4-address, ipv6-address, or typed-network-address. If a CIE includes network- address as one of its components, any of that categories members is valid to be used in its stead. Another prominent example is EndpointIdentifier. Some IEs can be used to identify (and over time re-recognize) target endpoints - those are associated with the category endpoint-identifier. content: this is a very broad category. Content is the payload of a content element in a SACM statement. Formally, metadata is the complement to content and everything that is not part of SACM statement metadata or content element metadata is therefore considered to be content. Every IE can be content (although the same type of IE can be used in the metadata at the same time - and those would not be content as described before). Annotating every IE with this category would be highly redundant and is therefore omitted for brevity. network-address: (work-in-progress) ipv4-address ipv6-address mac-address endpoint-identifier: (work-in-progress) software-component: (work-in-progress) software-label: (work-in-progress) 5.2. Vocabulary of Atomic Information Elements **to be inserted in section 5 as candidates** The content of every Atomic Information Element is expressed in a single value. Note that Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 8] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 while this section lists AIEs, some of them may also be represented as a CIE (especially if metadata is used). access-privilege-type: a set of types that represents access privileges (e.g. read, write, none) References: none account-name: a label that uniquely identifies an account that can require some form of (user) authentication to access References: none administrative-domain: a label the is supposed to uniquely identify an administrative domain References [IFMAP] address-association-type: a set of types that defines the type of address associations (e.g. broadcast-domain-member-list, ip- subnet-member-list, ip-mac, shared-backhaul-interface, etc.) References: none address-mask-value: a value that expresses a generic address subnetting bitmask address-type: a set of types that specifies the type of address that is expressed in an address CIE (e.g. ethernet, modbus, zigbee) References: none address-value: a value that expresses a generic network address References: none Category: network-address application-component: a label that references a "sub"-application that is part of the application (e.g. an add-on, a cipher-suite, a library) References: [SWID] Category: software-component application-label: a label that is supposed to uniquely reference an application Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 9] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 References: [SWID] Category: software-label application-type: a set of types (FIXME maybe a finite set is not realistic here - value not enumerator?) that identifies the type of (user-space) application (e.g. text-editor, policy-editor, service-client, service-server, calendar, rouge-like RPG) References: [SWID] Category: software-type application-manufacturer: the name of the vendor that created the application References: [SWID] Category: software-manufacturer application-name: a value that represents the name of an application given by the manufacturer References: [SWID] application-version: a version string that identifies a specific version of an application References: [SWID] Category: software-version authenticator: a label that references a SACM component that can authenticate target endpoints (can be used in a target-endpoint CIE to express that the target endpoint was authenticated by that SACM component) References: none attribute-name: a value that can express the attribute name of generic Attribute-Value-Pair CIE References: none attribute-value: a value that can express the attribute value of generic Attribute-Value-Pair CIE References: none Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 10] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 authentication-type: a set of types that expresses which type of authentication was used to enable a network interaction/connection References: [PXGRID] birthdate: a label for the registered day of birth of a natural person (e.g. the date of birth of a person as an ISO date string http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/Person#birthdate) References: [SCAP-AI] bytes-received: a value that represents a number of octets received on a network interface Reference : [PXGRID] bytes-sent: a value that represents a number of octets sent on a network interface Reference : [PXGRID] certificate: a value that expresses a certificate that can be collected from a target endpoint References: none Category: endpoint-identifier collection-task-type: a set of types that defines how collected SACM content was acquired (e.g. network-observation, remote- acquisition, self-reported) Reference: none confidence: a representation of the subjective probability that the assessed value is correct. If no confidence value is given it is assumed that the confidence is 1 (limits confidence values to the range between zero and one) References: [ARF] content-action: a set of types that expresses a type of action (e.g. add, delete, update). Can be associated, for instance, with an event CIE or with an network observation References: [ARF] Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 11] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 content-elements: a value that represents the number of content- elements included in a SACM statement References: none content-topic: a set of types that defines what kind of concept the information is included in a content element (e.g. Session, User, Interface, PostureProfile, Flow, PostureAssessment, TargetEndpoint) References: none content-type: a set of types that defines what kind of information is included in a content element (e.g. EndpointConfiguration, EndpointState, DirectoryEntry, Event, Incident) References: none country-code: a set of types according to ISO 3166-1 trigraphic codes of countries References: FIXME data-origin: a label that uniquely identifies a SACM component in and across SACM domains References: none Aliases: sacm-component-id data-source: a label that is supposed to uniquely identify the data source (e.g. a target endpoint or sensor) that provided an initial endpoint attribute record References: [ARF] Aliases: te-id (work-in-progress) decimal-fraction-denominator: a denominator value to express a decimal fraction time stamp (e.g. in timestamp) References: none decimal-fraction-numerator: a numerator value to express a decimal fraction time stamp (e.g. in timestamp) Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 12] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 default-depth: a value that expresses how often a circular reference of CIE is allowed to repeat, or how deep a recursive nesting may occur, respectively. References: none discoverer: a label that refers to the SACM component that discovered a target endpoint (can be used in a target-endpoint CIE to express, for example, that the target endpoint was authenticated by that SACM component) References: none email-address: a value that expresses an email-address References: none event-type: a set of types that define the categories of an event (e.g. access-level-change, change-of-privilege, change-of- authorization, environmental-event, or provisioning-event) Reference: none event-threshold: if applicable, a value that can be included in an event CIE to indicate what numeric threshold value was crossed to trigger that event Reference: none event-threshold-name: if an event is created due to a crossed threshold, the threshold might have a name associated with it that can be expressed via this value References: none event-trigger: this value is used to express more complex trigger conditions that may cause the creation of an event. firmware-id: a label that represents the BIOS or firmware ID of a specific target endpoint Reference: none Category: endpoint-identifier hardware-serial-number: a value that identifies a piece of hardware that is a component of a composite target endpoint (in essence, Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 13] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 every target endpoint is a composite) and can be acquired from a target endpoint by a collection task Reference: none Category: endpoint-identifier host-name: a label typically associated with an endpoint but not always intended to be unique in a given scope References [ARF], [SCAP-AI] Category: endpoint-identifier interface-label: a unique label a network interface can be referenced with Reference: none ipv6-address-subnet-mask-cidrnot: an IPv6 subnet bit mask in CIDR notation References: TBD ipv6-address-value: an IPv4 address value References: TBD Category: endpoint-identifier, network-address ipv4-address-subnet-mask-cidrnot: an IPv4 subnet bit mask in CIDR notation References: TBD ipv4-address-subnet-mask: an IPv4 subnet mask References: TBD ipv4-address-value: an IPv4 address value References: TBD Category: endpoint-identifier, network-address layer2-interface-type: a set of types referenced by IANA ifType References: [RFC3635], [RFC2863] Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 14] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 layer4-port-address: a layer 4 port address (typically used, for example, with TCP and UDP) References: none Category: network-address layer4-protocol: a set of types that express a layer 4 protocol (e.g. UDP or TCP) location-name: a value that represents a named region of space FIXME References: [IFMAP], [ARF], [SCAP-AI] mac-address: a value that expresses an Ethernet address References: [IFMAP], [ARF], [SCAP-AI] Category: endpoint-identifier, network-address method-label: a label that references a specific method registered and used in a SACM domain (e.g. method to match and re-identify target endpoints via identifying attributes) References: none method-repository: a label that references a SACM component methods can be registered at and that can provide guidance in the form of registered methods to other SACM components References: none network-access-level-type: a set of types that expresses categories of network access-levels (e.g. block, quarantine, etc.) References: [IFMAP] network-id: most networks, such as AS, an OSBF domains, or vlans, can have an ID that is represented via this AIE References: none network-interface-name: a label that uniquely identifies an interface associated with a distinguishable endpoint References: FIXME Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 15] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 network-layer: a set of layers that express the specific network layer an interface operate on (typically layer 2-4) References: FIXME network-name: a label that is associated with a network. Some networks, for example effective layer2-broadcast-domains, are difficult to "grasp" and therefore quite complicated to name References: none organization-id: a label that is supposed to uniquely identify an organization References: [ARF] organization-name: a value that represents the name of an organization References: [ARF] os-component: a label that references a "sub-component" that is part of the operating system (e.g. a kernel module, microcode, or ACPI table) References: [SWID] Category: software-component os-label: a label that references a specific version of an operating system, including patches and hotfixes References: [SWID] Category: software-label os-manufacturer: the name of the manufacturer of an operating system References: [IFMAP] Category: software-manufacturer os-name: the name of an operating system References: [IFMAP] Category: software-name Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 16] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 os-type: a set of types that identifies the type of an operating system (e.g. real-time, security-enhanced, consumer, server) References: none Category: software-type os-version: a value that represents the version of an operating- system Category: software-version patch-id: a label the uniquely identifies a specific software patch References: [ARF] patch-name: the vendor's name of a software patch References: [ARF], [SWID] person-first-name: the first name of a natural person References: [ARF], [SCAP-AI] person-last-name: the last name of a natural person References: [ARF], [SCAP-AI] person-middle-name: the first name of a natural person References: [ARF], [SCAP-AI] phone-number: a label that expresses the u.s. national phone number (e.g. pattern value="((\d{3}) )?\d{3}-\d{4}") References: [ARF], [SCAP-AI] phone-number-type: a set of types that express the type of a phone number (e.g. DSN, Fax, Home, Mobile, Pager, Secure, Unsecure, Work, Other) References: [ARF] privilege-name: the attribute-name of the privilege represented as an AVP References: none Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 17] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 privilege-value: the value-content of the privilege represented as an AVP References: none protocol: a set of types that defines specific protocols above layer 4 (e.g. http, https, dns, ipp, or unknown) References: none public-key: the value of a public key (regardless of its method of creation, crypto-system, or signature scheme) that can be collected from a target endpoint Reference: none Category: endpoint-identifier relationship-content-element-guid: a reference to a specific content element used in a relationship CIE References: none relationship-statement-guid: a reference to a specific SACM statement used in a relationship CIE References: none relationship-object-label: a reference to a specific label used in content (e.g. a te-label or a user-id). This reference is typically used if matching content AIE can be done efficiently and can also be included in addition to a relationship-content- element-guid reference. References: none relationship-type: a set of types that is in every instance of a relationship CIE to highlight what kind of relationship exists between the CIE the relationship is included in (e.g. associated_with_user, applies_to_session, seen_on_interface, associated_with_flow, contains_virtual_device) References: none role-name: a label that references a collection of privileges assigned to a specific entity (identity? FIXME) References: FIXME Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 18] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 session-state-type: a set of types a discernible session (an ongoing network interaction) can be in (e.g. Authenticating, Authenticated, Postured, Started, Disconnected) References: [PXGRID] statement-guid: a label that expresses a global unique ID referencing a specific SACM statement that was produced by a SACM component References: none statement-type: a set of types that define the type of content that is included in a SACM statement (e.g. Observation, DirectoryContent, Correlation, Assessment, Guidance) References: none status: a set of types that defines possible result values for a finding in general (e.g. true, false, error, unknown, not applicable, not evaluated) References: [ARF] sub-administrative-domain: a label for related child domains an administrative domain can be composed of (used in the CIE administrative-domain) References: none sub-interface-label: a unique label a sub network interface (e.g. a tagged vlan on a trunk) can be referenced with References: none super-administrative-domain: a label for related parent domains an administrative domain is part of (used in the CIE administrative- domain) References: none super-interface-label: a unique label a super network interface (e.g. a physical interface a tunnel interface terminates on) can be referenced with References: none Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 19] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 te-assessment-state: a set of types that defines the state of assessment of a target-endpoint (e.g. in-discovery, discovered, in-classification, classified, in-assessment, assessed) References: [ARF] te-label: an identifying label created from a set of identifying attributes used to reference a specific target endpoint References: none te-id: an identifying label that is created randomly, is supposed to be unique, and used to reference a specific target endpoint References: [ARF], [SWID] Aliases: data-source timestamp: a timestamp the expresses a specific point in time References: [IFMAP], [ARF] timestamp-type: a set of types that express what type of action or event happened at that point of time (e.g. discovered, classified, collected, published). Can be included in a generic timestamp CIE References: none units-received: a value that represents a number of units (e.g. frames, packets, cells or segments) received on a network interface Reference : [PXGRID] units-sent: a value that represents a number of units (e.g. frames, packets, cells or segments) sent on a network interface Reference : [PXGRID] username: a part of the credentials required to access an account that can be collected from a target endpoint References: none Category: endpoint-identifier user-directory: a label that identifies a specific type of user- directory (e.g. ldap, active-directory, local-user) Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 20] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 Reference: [PXGRID] user-id: a label that references a specific user known in a SACM domain References: [PXGRID] web-site: a URI that references a web-site References: [ARF] WGS84-longitude: a label that represents WGS 84 rev 2004 longitude References: [SCAP-AI] WGS84-latitude: a label that represents WGS 84 rev 2004 latitude References: [SCAP-AI] WGS84-altitude: a label that represents WGS 84 rev 2004 altitude References: [SCAP-AI] 5.3. Vocabulary of Composite Information Elements **to be inserted in section 5 as candidates** The content of every Composite Information Element is expressed by the mandatory and optional IE it can be composed of. The components of an CIE can have a cardinality associated with them: o (*): zero to unbounded occurrences o (+): one to unbounded occurrences o (?): zero or one occurrence o (n*m): between n and m occurrences o no cardinality: one occurrence If there is no cardinality highlighted or the cardinality (+) or (n*m) is used, including this IE in the CIE is mandatory. In contrast, optional IE are expressed via the cardinality (?) or (*). An CIE can prescribe a strict sequence to the component IE it contains. This in indicated by an (s). address-association (s): some addresses are associated with each other, e.g. a mac-address can be associated with a number of IP Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 21] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 addresses or a sensor address can be associated with the external address of its two redundant IP gateways. The first address is the address a number of addresses with the same type is associated with. An address type SHOULD be included and the addresses associated with the first address entry MUST be of the same type. NANCY FIXME address address-type (?) address (+) address-type (?) administrative-domain: this CIE is intended to express more complex setups of interconnected administrative domains administrative-domain sub-administrative-domain (*) super-administrative-domain (?) location (?) application: an application is software that is not part of the kernel space (therefore typically runs in the user space. An application can depend on specific running party of an operating system. application-label (?) application-name application-type (*) application-component (*) application-manufacturer (?) application-version (?) application-instance: a specific instance of an application that is installed on an endpoint. The application-label is used to refer to corresponding information stored in an application CIE application-label Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 22] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 target-endpoint attribute-value-pair: a generic CIE that is used to express various AVP (e.g. Radius Attributes) attribute-name attribute-value content-creation-timestamp: a decimal fraction timestamp that specifies the point in time the content element was created by a SACM component decimal-fraction-denominator decimal-fraction-numerator content-element: content produced by a SACM component is encapsulated in content-elements that also include content- metadata regarding that content content-metadata (+) content (+) content-metadata: metadata regarding the content included in a specific content-element. The content the metadata annotates can be initially collected content - in this case a data-source has to be included in the metadata. Content can also be the product of a SACM component (e.g. an evaluator), which requires a data-origin IE instead that references the producer of information. content-element-guid content-creation-timestamp content-topic content-type data-source (?) data-origin (?) relationship (*) data-source: a CIE that refers to a target endpoint that is the source of SACM content - either via a label (data-source, which Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 23] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 could also be used without this CIE), or via a list of endpoint- identifiers (category). Both can be included at the same time but MUST NOT conflict. data-source (?) endpoint-identifier (*) dst-flow-element: identifies the destination of a flow. The port number SHOULD be included if the network-address is an IP-address. network-address layer4-port-address (?) ethernet-interface: the only two mandatory component of this CIE is the mac-address and the generated label (to distinguish non-unique addresses). This acknowledges the fact that in many cases this is the only information available about an Ethernet interface. If there is more detail information available it MUST be included to avoid ambiguity and to increase the usefulness for consumer of information. The exception are sub-interface-labels and super- interface-labels, which SHOULD be included. interface-label network-interface-name (?) mac-address network-name (?) network-id (?) layer2-interface-type (?) sub-interface-label (*) super-interface-label (*) event (s): this a special purpose CIE that represents the change of content. As with content-elements basically every content can be included in the two content entries. The mandatory content entry represents the "after" state of the content and the optional content entry can represent the "before" state if available or required. event-type (?) Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 24] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 event-threshold (?) event-threshold-name (?) event-trigger (?) typed-timestamp content content (?) flow-record: a composite that expresses a single flow and its statistics. If applicable, protocol and layer4-protocol SHOULD be included src-flow-element dst-flow-element protocol (?) layer4-protocol (?) flow-statistics flow-statistics: this CIE aggregates bytes and units send and received bytes-received bytes-sent units-received units-sent group: insert text here (work in progress) ipv4-address: an IPv4 address is always associated with a subnet. This CIE combines these both tightly nit values. Either a subnet mask or a CIDR notation bitmask SHOULD be included. ipv4-address-value ipv4-address-subnet-mask-cidrnot (?) ipv4-address-subnet-mask (?) Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 25] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 ipv6-address: an IPv6 address is always associated with a subnet. This CIE combines these both tightly nit values. A CIDR notation bitmask SHOULD be included. ipv6-address-value ipv6-address-subnet-mask-cidrnot (?) location: a CIE that aggregates potential details about a location location-name WGS84-longitude WGS84-latitude WGS84-altitude operation-system: an operation-system is software that is directly interacting with the hardware, provides the runtime environment for the user-space and corresponding interfaces to hardware functions. os-label (?) os-name os-type (*) os-component (*) os-manufacturer (?) os-version (?) organization: this CIE aggregates information about an organization and can be references via its id organization-id organization-name location (?) person: a CIE that aggregates the details about a person and combines it with a identifier unique to SACM domains person-first-name Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 26] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 person-last-name person-middle-name (*) phone-contact (*) email-address (*) phone-contact: this CIE can be used to reference a phone number and how it functions as a contact phone-number phone-number-type (?) privilege: a CIE to express privileges via a specific name/value pair privilege-name privilege-value relationship: the relationship CIE enables to associate the CIE it is included in with other CIE if they contain a unique identifier or label - providing an alternative to including attributes of other content CIE as a means to map them (which remains a valid alternative, though). The relationship CIE MUST at least reference one relationship object (either a SACM statement iden relationship-type relationship-content-element-guid (*) relationship-statement-guid (*) relationship-object-label (*) sacm-statement: every SACM components produces information in this format. This CIE can be considered the root IE for every SACM message generated. There MUST be at least one content element included in a SACM statement and if there are more than one, they are ordered in a sequence. statement-metadata content-element (+)(s) Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 27] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 session: represents an ongoing network interaction that can be in various states of authentication or assessement session-state-type (work-in-progress) src-flow-element: identifies the source of a flow. The port number SHOULD be included if the network-address is an IP-address. network-address layer4-port-address (?) statement-creation-timestamp: a decimal fraction timestamp that specifies the point in time the SACM statement was created by a SACM component decimal-fraction-denominator decimal-fraction-numerator statement-publish-timestamp: a decimal fraction timestamp that specifies the point in time the SACM component attempted to publish the SACM statement (if successful, this will result in the publish-timestamp send with the SACM statement). decimal-fraction-denominator decimal-fraction-numerator statement-metadata: every SACM statement includes statement metadata about the SACM component it was produced by and a general category that indicates what this statement is about statement-guid data-origin statement-creation-timestamp (?) statement-publish-timestamp statement-type content-elements Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 28] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 target-endpoint: this is a central CIE used in the process chains a SACM domain can compose. Theoretically every kind of information can be associated with a target endpoint CIE via its corresponding content element. A few select IE can be stored in the CIE itself to reduce the overhead of following references that would occur in most scenarios. If the hostname is unknown the value has to be set as an equivalent to "not available" (e.g. NULL). Comment from the authors: This is "work in progress" an a good basis for discussion host-name te-label administrative-domain (?) application-instance (*) ethernet-interface (*) address-association (*) data-source (?) operation-system (?) te-profile: a set of expected states, policies and pieces of guidance that can be matched to a target endpoint (or a class of target endpoints "work in progress") typed-timestamp: a flexible timestamp CIE that can express the specific type of timestamp via its content. This is an alternative to the "named" timestamps that do not include a timestamp-type decimal-fraction-denominator decimal-fraction-numerator timestamp-type user: a CIE that references details of a specific user known in a SACM domain active on a specific target endpoint user-id username (?) Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 29] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 data-source (?) user-directory (?) 6. Example composition of SACM statements This section illustrates how SACM statements can be composed of content information elements, how relationship CIEs can be used in content metadata, and how the categories statement-type, content- topic and content-type are intended to be used. The SACM statements instances are written in pseudo code. AIE end with a colon. Some AIE include exemplary values to, for example, present how references to guid and labels can be used. For the sake of brevity, not all mandatory IE that are part of a CIE are always included (e.g. as it is the case with target-endpoint). The example shows three SACM statements that were produced by three different SACM components that overall include four related content elements. This is (work in progress). sacm statement statement-metadata statement-guid: example-sguid-one data-origin: SACM-component-label-one statement-publish-timestamp: exmample-TS-one statement-type: Observation content-element content-metadata content-element-guid: example-cguid-one content-creation-timestamp: content-topic: Flow content-type: EndpointState relationship relationship-type: is-associated-with-user relationship-content-object: example-cguid-three relationship relationship-type: is-associated-with-te relationship-content-object: example-cguid-two relationship relationship-type: is-associated-with-te relationship-content-object: example-te-label flow-record src-flow-element network-address (ipv4-address) ipv4-address-value: Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 30] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 ipv4-address-subnet-mask-cidrnot: layer4-port-address: 23111 dst-flow-element network-address (IPv4-address) ipv4-address-value: ipv4-address-subnet-mask-cidrnot: layer4-port-address: 22 protocol: ssh layer4-protocol: tcp flow-statistics bytes-received: bytes-sent: units-received: units-sent: content-element content-metadata content-element-guid: example-cguid-two content-creation-timestamp: content-topic: TargetEndpoint content-type: EndpointConfiguration target-endpoint te-label: example-te-label host-name: example-host-name ethernet-interface: example-interface sacm statement statement-metadata statement-guid: example-sguid-two data-origin: SACM-component-label-two statement-publish-timestamp: exmample-TS-two statement-type: DirectoryContent content-element content-metadata content-element-guid: example-cguid-three content-creation-timestamp: content-topic: User content-type: DirectoryEntry user user-name: example-username user-directory: component-id sacm statement statement-metadata statement-guid: example-sguid-three data-origin: SACM-component-label-three statement-publish-timestamp: exmample-TS-three statement-type: Observation content-element Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 31] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 content-metadata content-element-guid: example-cguid-four content-creation-timestamp: content-topic: Privileges content-type: Event relationship relationship-type: is-associated-with-user relationship-content-object: example-cguid-three event event-type: change-of-privilege typed-timestamp decimal-fraction-denominator: decimal-fraction-numerator: timestamp-type: time-of-observation privilege privilege-name: super-user-escalation privilege-value: true privilege privilege-name: super-user-escalation privilege-value: false 7. IANA considerations This document includes requests to IANA. 8. Security Considerations 9. Acknowledgements 10. Change Log First revision -00 Second revision -00. Rename to Camwinget (removed -) to make submissions happier. Demonstrate how to integrate with WG draft. 11. Contributors 12. References 12.1. Normative References [ARF] Corporation., T., "Assessment Results Format", 2010. [IFMAP] "TCG Trusted Network Communications - TNC IF-MAP Metadata for Network Security Specification Version 1.1r9", May 2012. Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 32] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 [PXGRID] Appala, S., Cam-Winget, N., McGrew, D., and J. Verma, "An Actionable Threat Intelligence system using a Publish- Subscribe communications model", ACM Proceedings of the 2nd ACM Workshop on Information Sharing and Collaborative Security, page 61-70, DOI 10.1145/2808128.2808131, ISBN 978-1-4503-3822-6. [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, . [RFC2863] McCloghrie, K. and F. Kastenholz, "The Interfaces Group MIB", RFC 2863, DOI 10.17487/RFC2863, June 2000, . [RFC3635] Flick, J., "Definitions of Managed Objects for the Ethernet-like Interface Types", RFC 3635, DOI 10.17487/RFC3635, September 2003, . [SCAP-AI] Wunder, J., Halbardier, A., and D. Waltermire, "Specification for Asset Identification 1.1", NIST Interagency Report 7693 , 2011. [SWID] "Information technology - Software asset management - Part 2: Software identification tag'", ISO/IEC 19770-2:2015, October 2015. 12.2. Informative References [I-D.ietf-sacm-requirements] Cam-Winget, N. and L. Lorenzin, "Security Automation and Continuous Monitoring (SACM) Requirements", draft-ietf- sacm-requirements-13 (work in progress), March 2016. [RFC7632] Waltermire, D. and D. Harrington, "Endpoint Security Posture Assessment: Enterprise Use Cases", RFC 7632, DOI 10.17487/RFC7632, September 2015, . Authors' Addresses Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 33] Internet-Draft SACM Information Model April 2016 Henk Birkholz Fraunhofer SIT Rheinstrasse 75 Darmstadt 64295 Germany Email: henk.birkholz@sit.fraunhofer.de Nancy Cam-Winget Cisco Systems 3550 Cisco Way San Jose, CA 95134 USA Email: ncamwing@cisco.com Birkholz & Cam-Winget Expires October 10, 2016 [Page 34]